What does 1 Corinthians 9:20 mean?

And unto the Jews I became as a Jew, that I might gain the Jews; to them that are under the law, as under the law, that I might gain them that are under the law; 1 Corinthians 9:20

Explanation

1 Corinthians 9:20 is a statement by the Apostle Paul regarding his ministry approach to different groups of people. In this verse, Paul explains how he adapted his behavior and practices to relate to the Jews in a manner that would not offend their cultural and religious sensibilities. The “Jews” here refer to individuals who are adherents of Judaism and who are under the law, meaning the Torah, which includes the commandments and regulations given to the Israelites according to the Old Testament.

Paul’s strategy was to become “as a Jew” to the Jews; this means that he did not insist on gentile freedoms when interacting with them, but observed Jewish customs and laws to avoid alienation. His goal was to “gain” them, or win them over, to faith in Jesus Christ. This verse highlights Paul’s flexibility and willingness to meet people where they are in order to share the gospel effectively.

Historical Context

The verse is part of a larger discussion in 1 Corinthians 9, where Paul defends his apostolic authority and his approach to ministry. During this time, Christianity was in its formative years, and the relationship between the new Christian communities and Jewish laws and customs was a contentious issue. As a Roman citizen and a former Pharisee, Paul had a unique perspective and was sensitive to the cultural differences between Jewish and gentile believers.

By the time Paul had written this letter, the Christian church in Corinth was diverse, comprising both Jews and gentiles. The city of Corinth was a cosmopolitan trade center with a variety of ethnic groups, beliefs, and practices. Paul’s approach was to find common ground across these diverse cultural landscapes in order to preach the gospel without unnecessary obstacles.

Theological Insights

From a theological standpoint, this verse illustrates the principle of Christian freedom balanced with an awareness of others’ cultural sensitivities. Paul did not believe that keeping Jewish laws was necessary for salvation, as stated in other parts of the New Testament, but he practiced them when in the company of Jews so as to not hinder his evangelistic efforts. From a Reformed standpoint, this reflects the ‘Doctrine of Christian Liberty’ and the notion of being ‘all things to all people’ as mentioned earlier in 1 Corinthians 9:22.

Catholic theology would similarly view Paul’s adaptability as a pastoral strategy, accommodating non-essential practices for the greater good of evangelization, while maintaining the core tenets of the faith.

Practical Applications

The practical application of this verse is relevant in areas such as cross-cultural missions, interfaith dialogue, and even daily interactions with people of diverse beliefs. Christians are encouraged to show sensitivity and respect towards the beliefs and cultural practices of others, not to compromise their faith, but to build relationships and effectively communicate the gospel message.

It also challenges believers to consider how to be flexible and adaptable in their own context without compromising their core beliefs, particularly in a world of diverse views and changing social norms.

Cross-References

• 1 Corinthians 9:22: “To the weak became I as weak, that I might gain the weak: I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some.”
• Romans 11:14: “If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh, and might save some of them.”
• Acts 16:3: “Him would Paul have to go forth with him; and took and circumcised him because of the Jews which were in those quarters: for they knew all that his father was a Greek.”

Language Study

In the original Greek text, the verb γέγονα (gegona), translated as “I became” or “I have become,” carries the meaning of entering into a new condition or state of being. This connotes an intentional and purposeful act on Paul’s part to identify with the Jews.

“Gain” in Greek is κερδήσω (kerdēsō), which has a commercial connotation of acquiring or winning someone over, which here refers to winning them to faith in Christ.

The phrase “under the law” is με τους ὑπὸ νόμον (meta tous hypo nomon), literally suggesting to operate or live within the sphere of the law’s authority.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In the ancient world, it was common for religious figures and philosophers to adapt their message according to their audience. For example, in Stoicism, the idea of speaking in a manner that suits the audience’s understanding would be a practical approach to gain their acceptance.

Comparing this to other religions, one might consider the aspect of adapting ritual or dietary practices to avoid offense, such as Kosher laws in Judaism or Halal in Islam, when engaging with practitioners of those faiths.

Scientific Perspectives

Scientific perspectives might focus on the psychology of social and group behavior. Adaptation and mimicry can foster trust and cooperation, which are principles supported by studies in social psychology. By becoming ‘like’ those he was trying to reach, Paul was using an effective social strategy to build rapport and communicate his message.

Commentaries

Commentary on this verse varies by the theological perspective of the commentator. Matthew Henry’s Commentary notes that Paul voluntarily became a servant to all, using strategies to advance the gospel. On the other hand, the Pulpit Commentary emphasizes the apostle’s self-denial and adaptation to circumstances as a means to save souls.

Other scholars note that while this approach was effective for Paul, it also had its limits; he did not compromise the essence of the gospel nor endorse sinful practices. For example, in the Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary, the importance of adapting for the sake of the gospel’s success is highlighted, but not at the expense of truth and righteousness.