What does 1 Peter 2:4 mean?

To whom coming, as unto a living stone, disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious, 1 Peter 2:4

Explanation

1 Peter 2:4 presents a metaphorical image of Jesus Christ as a “living stone,” emphasizing His role as the foundation of the spiritual edifice of the Church. Although He was rejected by men – symbolizing the dismissal and persecution Jesus experienced, particularly by the religious leaders of His time – He is recognized by God as chosen and precious, indicating His divine status and the honor bestowed upon Him by the Father. This verse illustrates the contrast between human rejection and divine selection, suggesting that worldly rejection does not diminish the true, God-given value of Christ.

Historical Context

1 Peter is an epistle traditionally attributed to the Apostle Peter and is thought to have been written between AD 60 and 110. It was written to the early Christians who were facing persecution, possibly under the reign of Emperor Nero or Domitian. The historical context is important, as the recipients were experiencing social alienation and suffering due to their faith in Christ. The theme of the “living stone” would have resonated with a displaced people, as it signified that Jesus Christ was a secure and unshakeable foundation in the midst of their trials and tribulations.

Theological Insights

Within Christian theology, Jesus as the cornerstone is a foundational concept. The imagery of Christ as a “living stone” invokes several theological themes, among them the idea that Jesus is both animate and enduring, that His spiritual ‘building’ is not static but growing. The “disallowed indeed of men, but chosen of God, and precious” juxtaposition reflects the notion of divine election, emphasizing that God’s perspective on worth and value vastly differs from human judgments. This offers consolation and encouragement to believers who may also feel rejected by society, reinforcing the idea that their faith and identity in Christ are validated by God.

Practical Applications

The verse has several practical implications for believers. It encourages Christians to see beyond societal acceptance and to value divine approval over human recognition. For those who feel marginalized or rejected, it provides comfort and a sense of belonging to a divine heritage. The verse also serves as a reminder to be discerning and to build one’s life upon the teachings of Christ, rather than upon shifting cultural or societal norms.

Cross-References

• Isaiah 28:16 – “Therefore thus saith the Lord GOD, Behold, I lay in Zion for a foundation a stone, a tried stone, a precious corner stone, a sure foundation: he that believeth shall not make haste.”
• Psalm 118:22 – “The stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner.”
• Ephesians 2:20 – “And are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone;”

Language Study

The key phrase “living stone” originates from the Greek words “lithos zon.” Lithos translates as “stone,” often signifying something static and inanimate, while zon, the present participle of the verb “to live” (zao), conveys the concept of being alive. This designation of Christ as a “living stone” is a paradoxical term that marries permanence with vitality. The Greek word “apodokimastheis,” translated as “disallowed,” speaks of something being rejected after examination, indicating that Jesus was not only dismissed casually but after consideration. “Eklektos” and “entimos,” translated as “chosen” and “precious,” convey the notions of being selected by God and holding great value, respectively.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In cultural and religious comparisons, the concept of a divine cornerstone is not entirely unique to Christianity. Many ancient mythologies and religions also feature cornerstone motifs, where foundations of cities, temples, or the world are laid by gods or legendary figures. However, the Christian concept of Christ as a living cornerstone is distinctive in that it symbolizes a dynamic relationship between the divine and its adherents rather than merely a static representation of divine power.

Scientific Perspectives

When examining this verse through the lens of modern science, there is no direct scientific concept that correlates with the spiritual metaphor of Jesus as a “living stone.” However, in a broader sense, science examines the physical properties of stones and living organisms, understanding that while stones are non-living, they can form the basis of habitats and ecosystems, thereby indirectly supporting life. In this spiritual metaphor, Jesus as a “living stone” could conceptually bridge the gap between the inanimate and animate, serving as a symbol of the spiritual sustenance and support He provides to believers.

Commentaries

Biblical scholars and theologians have long reflected on this passage. Commentaries highlight the significance of Jesus as the cornerstone of faith, the one who was rejected by His contemporaries but exalted by God. Matthew Henry’s commentary suggests that Christ is the foundation of all our hopes and the source of all our joys. William Barclay notes that the Early Church saw itself as a spiritual temple with Christ as the foundation, thus encouraging believers to see their interconnected roles in the structure of the Church. John Calvin emphasizes the concept of believers as living stones, connected to and built upon the Chief Cornerstone, Jesus. These perspectives enhance understanding and underscore the imperative of unity and the importance of Christ’s role in the lives of believers.