What does Hebrews 1:13 mean?

But to which of the angels said he at any time, Sit on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool? Hebrews 1:13

Explanation

Hebrews 1:13 directly questions the reader, asking to which of the angels God has ever said, “Sit on my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool.” This verse suggests a hierarchical distinction between the Son (presumably Jesus Christ) and the angels, emphasizing the superiority of the Son over the angels. The “right hand” of God is a place of honor and authority, and the phrase “until I make thine enemies thy footstool” implies a complete and ultimate victory over one’s foes—a symbol of dominion and subjugation.

Historical Context

The book of Hebrews was written to a Jewish audience who were familiar with the Old Testament scriptures and were grappling with how Jesus Christ fit into their Jewish faith, traditions, and concept of the Messiah. The author of Hebrews makes an argument that Jesus Christ is superior to all other spiritual beings, including angels. This was significant because angels were highly regarded in Jewish tradition, and some Jewish Christians may have been tempted to give them undue veneration or consider them on par with Christ.

Theological Insights

Different theological interpretations of this verse revolve primarily around Christology—the study of the nature and work of Jesus Christ. In traditional Christian thought, this verse reinforces the doctrine that Jesus Christ is divine, seated at the right hand of God, possessing ultimate authority over all creation, and far superior to angels. Some theologians might also use this verse to reflect on eschatology, the study of the end times, as it speaks to the eventual defeat of evil and the establishment of Christ’s kingdom.

Practical Applications

In practical terms, this verse can encourage believers to put their trust in Jesus Christ as the ultimate authority and victor over evil. It suggests that believers should look to Christ rather than other spiritual figures for guidance and redemption. Additionally, the verse can be used to promote humility by reminding Christians that Jesus, not any other entity, should be the focus of worship and adoration.

Cross-References

• Psalm 110:1 – “The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thine enemies thy footstool.”
• Matthew 22:44 – “The LORD said unto my Lord, Sit thou on my right hand, till I make thine enemies thy footstool?”
• 1 Corinthians 15:25 – “For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet.”
• Ephesians 1:20-22 – “Which he wrought in Christ, when he raised him from the dead, and set him at his own right hand in the heavenly places, Far above all principality, and power, and might, and dominion, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come: And hath put all things under his feet…”

Language Study

The key words in this verse provide a wealth of meaning in the original Greek text. For example:

• “Sit” (κάθου) conveys a posture of authority and rest.
• “Right hand” (δεξιὰ) symbolizes power and honor.
• “Until” (ἕως ἂν) indicates a period of waiting until a specific event takes place.
• “Enemies” (ἐχθρός) refers to adversaries or opponents.
• “Footstool” (ὑποπόδιον) exemplifies complete subjugation and control.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In ancient times, the concept of gods or divine figures seated in places of power was common. Ancient myths from various cultures often depicted gods as ruling from lofty thrones. However, the Jewish and Christian concept of a single god seated in heaven and interacting intimately with human history is distinct. Notably, in the Hebrew tradition, the Messiah sitting at God’s right hand suggests not only power but also a unique relationship between the Father and the Son.

Scientific Perspectives

The verse presents metaphorical language rather than a literal physical posture; as such, it is not in direct dialogue with scientific perspectives. However, from a psychological standpoint, the imagery of a divine being as a ruling authority might reflect a human desire for order, justice, and hope in overcoming adversity.

Commentaries

Various biblical scholars and theologians weigh in on this verse with a general consensus around its christological significance. Commentators like Matthew Henry and Adam Clarke have emphasized the supremacy of Christ over angels as outlined in Hebrews. Modern commentaries like those found in the New International Commentary on the New Testament or the Expositor’s Bible Commentary reiterate these themes, focusing on Christ’s exaltation and the reference to Psalm 110 as a messianic prophecy reaffirmed in the New Testament.