What does Hebrews 1:9 mean?

Thou hast loved righteousness, and hated iniquity; therefore God, even thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows. Hebrews 1:9

Explanation

Hebrews 1:9 is part of the opening chapter of the Epistle to the Hebrews in the New Testament. This verse speaks directly to the character and the resulting exaltation of the Son, which is often understood as referring to Jesus Christ. Literally, the verse portrays a contrast between the love of righteousness and the hatred of iniquity, suggesting a moral dichotomy that is appreciated by God. The phrase “therefore God, even thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows” indicates a divine reward for upholding righteousness. The “oil of gladness” signifies joy or a special favor bestowed upon the Son, and to be “above thy fellows” implies a unique, elevated status above others.

Historical Context

The Epistle to the Hebrews was written to a Jewish audience, possibly before the destruction of the Jerusalem temple in 70 AD. The precise authorship of Hebrews is unknown, with various suggestions including Paul, Barnabas, and Apollos, among others. This epistle aims to demonstrate the superiority of Christ over the angels, the Law of Moses, the priesthood, and Old Testament figures. The verse (1:9) is part of an argument that establishes Jesus’ divine sonship and kingship, which were concepts familiar to a Jewish audience through Old Testament scripture and messianic expectations.

Theological Insights

Various theological viewpoints can interpret Hebrews 1:9:

• Orthodox Christianity sees this verse as a testament to the divine calling and anointing of Jesus as the Messiah (Christ) who surpasses all others.
• Some theologians may view the “anointing” as symbolic of the Holy Spirit coming upon Jesus, linking this event to his baptism.
• Others might argue that the verse indicates Jesus’ authority and unique role as mediator between God and humans.
• Liberation theology might emphasize the moral aspect, suggesting that the pursuit of righteousness in the face of iniquity is a core element of Christian discipleship.

Practical Applications

The teachings of Hebrews 1:9 can be applied to daily life in various ways:

• Encouraging individuals to strive for righteousness and moral integrity in their actions.
• Reminding believers that their actions have spiritual consequences and that God rewards those who follow His commandments.
• Inspiring people to reject wrongdoing and stand against injustice in the world.
• Serving as a model for leadership, where those in authority are called to act with virtue and fairness.

Cross-References

• Psalm 45:7: “Thou lovest righteousness, and hatest wickedness: therefore God, thy God, hath anointed thee with the oil of gladness above thy fellows.”
• Isaiah 61:1: “The Spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me; because the LORD hath anointed me to preach good tidings unto the meek; he hath sent me to bind up the brokenhearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that are bound;”
• Acts 10:38: “How God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Ghost and with power: who went about doing good, and healing all that were oppressed of the devil; for God was with him.”

Language Study

• “Loved” (Greek: ἠγάπησας, ēgapēsas) refers to a deep, selfless love that is a hallmark of God’s character.
• “Righteousness” (Greek: δικαιοσύνην, dikaiosynēn) indicates conformity to God’s standards, justice, and integrity.
• “Hated” (Greek: ἐμίσησας, emisēsas) reflects a strong aversion to something morally reprehensible.
• “Iniquity” (Greek: ἀνομίαν, anomian) means lawlessness or anything that goes against God’s established laws.
• “Anointed” (Greek: ἔχρισέν, echrisen) refers to the act of consecrating someone with oil, often for a specific, divine purpose.
• “Oil of gladness” (Greek: ἔλαιον ἀγαλλιάσεως, elaion agalliasews) symbolizes joy and the bestowal of favor.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

Hebrews 1:9 resonates with various themes in ancient Near Eastern religions:

• The anointing with oil was a common practice in many cultures for consecrating kings and priests.
• Themes of righteousness and upholding a moral order were central to many ancient mythologies and religions, such as Zoroastrianism.
• The concept of gods or demigods being rewarded for moral actions can also be found in Greco-Roman mythology.

Scientific Perspectives

While Hebrews 1:9 contains no direct scientific content, the psychological and societal benefits of promoting righteousness and rejecting iniquity have been supported by various studies in social sciences. Upholding just systems contributes to well-being, social stability, and the thriving of communities.

Commentaries

• Matthew Henry’s Commentary emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy from Psalm 45 and the unique distinction Jesus has above all others due to his love of righteousness.
• The MacArthur Study Bible notes the contrast between the Son’s love for righteousness with His abhorrence for lawlessness, signifying His divine purity.
• The New International Commentary on the New Testament highlights the messianic implications of the verse and the use of anointing as indicative of Christ’s triumphant joy and exaltation by God.