What does Hebrews 9:20 mean?

Saying, This is the blood of the testament which God hath enjoined unto you. Hebrews 9:20

Explanation

Hebrews 9:20 is a reference to the establishment of the Mosaic Covenant found in the Old Testament. The verse quotes Moses as he institutes the covenant with the Israelites using the blood of animals. In this context, the “blood” symbolizes the sealing and seriousness of the covenant, serving as a sacrificial offering to God that underscores the people’s commitment to the laws and commandments given to them. The “testament,” or covenant, is the agreement between God and His people, which here is said to be ‘enjoined’ or commanded to them by God Himself.

The deeper meaning touches on the theme of sacrifice in establishing a covenant with God, where blood signifies purification and atonement – a theme that is central throughout the Bible. The verse in Hebrews also alludes to a new covenant to come (the New Testament), highlighting a pattern of promise and fulfillment within biblical theology.

Historical Context

Hebrews 9:20 is situated within the New Testament book of Hebrews, which was likely composed before the destruction of the Jerusalem temple in A.D. 70. The author is not definitively known, but the content suggests it was addressed to a group of Jewish Christians. These early believers were deeply rooted in Jewish traditions and would have been well-versed in the Old Testament scriptures, which the author repeatedly references. Moses, the central figure in this verse, was the prophet and leader credited with leading the Israelites out of Egypt and receiving the Law at Sinai. The historical ritual referenced in this verse can be traced back to the book of Exodus, specifically Exodus 24:8.

Theological Insights

Various theological viewpoints arise from Hebrews 9:20. In a traditional Christian perspective, this verse prefigures Jesus Christ’s sacrifice on the cross, with His blood initiating a new covenant that fulfills and transcends the old. For covenant theologians, this can be seen as a manifestation of the continuous unfolding of God’s salvific plan. Dispensationalists, on the other hand, may emphasize the distinctions between the old and new covenants as different economies in God’s dealings with humanity.

Practical Applications

This verse may be applied in the modern context as a reminder of the significance and seriousness of one’s commitments, particularly in matters of faith. It also underlines the concept of sacrifice and atonement, encouraging believers to reflect on what they ‘offer’ in their relationship with God and others. It is a call to remember the foundations of one’s beliefs and the significance of spiritual heritage.

Cross-References

• Exodus 24:8 – “And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on the people, and said, Behold the blood of the covenant, which the LORD hath made with you concerning all these words.”
• Matthew 26:28 – “For this is my blood of the new testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins.”
• Jeremiah 31:31 – “Behold, the days come, saith the LORD, that I will make a new covenant with the house of Israel, and with the house of Judah:”

Language Study

In Hebrews 9:20, the Greek word for “blood” is “αἷμα” (haima), symbolizing life and sacrificial death in biblical contexts. The word “testament” or “covenant” is translated from “διαθήκη” (diathēkē), which in Greek can mean a will, testament, or a covenant—a binding agreement. The phrase “God hath enjoined” comes from the Greek “ἐνετείλατο” (eneteilato), which conveys the idea of commanding or ordering with authority.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The practice of using blood in religious rituals is not unique to Judaism. Many ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Greeks, practiced animal sacrifices to appease gods or sanctify an agreement. However, what sets the Mosaic covenant apart is its monotheistic nature and the specific theological meanings attributed to the sacrifices—particularly as they relate to atonement and the promised Messiah.

Scientific Perspectives

From a scientific perspective, the emphasis on blood in rituals may be seen through anthropological and psychological lenses. Anthropologists may view these rites as a form of social cohesion and a way to express and regulate community ethics. Psychologically, the seriousness of the symbol of blood may be interpreted as a way to create a lasting impression on participants, reinforcing the solemnity of the covenant.

Commentaries

Various biblical scholars and commentators have analyzed Hebrews 9:20 over the centuries. Matthew Henry’s commentary views this verse as a typological foreshadowing of the New Covenant in Christ’s blood, demonstrating continuity in God’s plan for salvation. John Gill’s exposition agrees with this typological understanding, noting the importance of blood in ratifying the covenant. Modern scholars might approach this verse by exploring themes of an atonement, covenant faithfulness, and biblical theology regarding promises and their fulfillments.