What does James 3:15 mean?

This wisdom descendeth not from above, but is earthly, sensual, devilish. James 3:15

Explanation

The verse James 3:15, taken from the New Testament of the Bible, is delivering a cautionary message about the nature of certain types of wisdom. The author, traditionally understood to be James the brother of Jesus, is making a distinction between divine or heavenly wisdom and wisdom that is of a more earthly, unspiritual nature. The verse underscores the idea that not all forms of wisdom are lofty or admirable. It describes the so-called wisdom that comes not from God but from more base, human origins as being “earthly,” i.e., concerned only with worldly affairs; “sensual,” meaning driven by the senses and feelings rather than by spiritual discernment; and “devilish,” suggesting a malevolent influence or something that is in opposition to God.

Historical Context

This verse is within a letter that was addressed to the twelve tribes of Israel scattered abroad. Written by James, this letter is considered to be one of the earliest texts of the New Testament, possibly composed around 49-60 AD. The epistle focuses on practical aspects of Christian faith and conduct. At the time of its writing, new Christian communities were grappling with various philosophical and ethical issues, including a proper understanding of wisdom in a Christian context.

Theological Insights

Different theological perspectives interpret this verse in various ways. From a traditional Christian viewpoint, the verse serves as a warning against a false kind of wisdom that can lead believers astray. In Protestant theology, this distinction is often used to differentiate between human knowledge and understanding which can be flawed, and divine wisdom which is perfect. From a Catholic perspective, the insights might be integrated into an understanding of mortal versus venial sins, with “earthly, sensual, devilish” wisdom leading towards moral degradation.

Practical Applications

This verse can be applied in daily life as a guide to discern wisdom and influence. In decision-making, individuals may consider the source and motivations of the counsel they receive, striving to pursue wisdom characterized by peace and righteousness rather than selfish ambition. In a wider sense, this verse encourages the cultivation of humility and spiritual understanding over pride and materialistic pursuits.

Cross-References

• James 3:17 – “But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceable, gentle, and easy to be entreated, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy.”
• 1 John 4:1 – “Beloved, believe not every spirit, but try the spirits whether they are of God: because many false prophets are gone out into the world.”
• 1 Corinthians 3:19 – “For the wisdom of this world is foolishness with God. For it is written, He taketh the wise in their own craftiness.”

Language Study

In the original Greek text, key words in this verse have specific connotations:

• “earthly” (ἐπίγειος, epigeios): pertaining to the earth or life on earth.
• “sensual” (ψυχικός, psychikos): relating to the soul or life principle in the lower aspect; natural as opposed to spiritual.
• “devilish” (δαιμονώδης, daimoniodes): demon-like or influenced by demons.

Understanding these terms clarifies that the wisdom being denounced is bound to the tangible, soul-driven, and potentially demonic as opposed to the divine.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In many ancient religions and mythologies, wisdom is a valued trait, often granted by specific deities or acquired through experience and testing. For instance, in Greek mythology, Athena is the goddess of wisdom, courage, and inspiration. However, in contrast to the Bible, such wisdom might not always be associated with moral or ethical uprightness. Ancient wisdom literature, such as that found in the books of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes in the Bible, shares the view that true wisdom has a moral component.

Scientific Perspectives

Modern science rarely intersects directly with theological concepts like wisdom. However, psychology may delve into the differences between different types of wisdom, examining them through the lens of cognitive processes, emotional intelligence, and moral reasoning. Scientific research could, for example, study decision-making processes and the influences of emotional versus rational thinking, which could be tangentially related to this verse’s differentiation between earthly and divine wisdom.

Commentaries

Various biblical scholars have commented on this verse. Adam Clarke, a theologian and scholar from the 18th century, notes that “earthly” wisdom, as opposed to that which is from above, is limited to worldly affairs and is not just unspiritual but “sensual,” gratifying only the passions. John Gill, another eminent biblical commentator, sees this wisdom as influencing the worldly-minded in contrast to those whose understanding is enlightened by the Spirit of God. Modern commentaries also elaborate on this distinction, warning of the dangers of such “earthly” wisdom in the life of a Christian and emphasizing the need for reliance on God’s guidance.