What does Luke 2:31 mean?

Which thou hast prepared before the face of all people; Luke 2:31

Explanation

Luke 2:31 is a part of the canticle known as the Nunc Dimittis, which is a song of praise spoken by the righteous and devout Simeon when he encountered the infant Jesus at the Temple in Jerusalem. This verse holds particular significance for Christians as it reflects the realization of God’s promise and the revelation of Christ to the Gentiles. The verse literally indicates that God has prepared a salvation, which is Jesus, to be presented openly before all nations, both Jews (the “people of Israel”) and Gentiles (all other peoples). From a deeper perspective, it implies the universality of Jesus’ message and the inclusive nature of God’s plan for salvation.

Historical Context

Luke 2:31 occurs in the context of the Jewish practice of the presentation of the firstborn at the Temple, which is a reflection of the Mosaic Law. Simeon, who speaks this verse, was promised by the Holy Spirit that he would not die until he saw the Christ. When Mary and Joseph brought Jesus to the Temple to fulfill the rites of purification and presentation, Simeon recognized Jesus as the Messiah. This was during a time when the Jewish people were living under Roman occupation, anticipating the coming of a Savior to liberate them.

Theological Insights

Different theological streams interpret this verse according to their beliefs. Catholic and Orthodox traditions often emphasize the prophetic fulfillment of the coming of Jesus for all people. Protestant theologians might focus on the concept of the individual’s direct relationship with God through Jesus, as evidenced here by Simeon’s personal revelation. Liberation theologians may highlight the verse as a sign of God’s promise to bring justice to the oppressed. In all cases, there is a common understanding that this verse points to Jesus as the culmination of God’s salvation plan.

Practical Applications

This verse can inspire individuals to embrace an inclusive approach to the concept of spiritual salvation, acknowledging that it is not limited to any specific group but is intended for all humanity. Devotees are reminded to be open to God’s revelations and guidance in their lives, as Simeon was. It also encourages believers to have patience and faith, trusting in God’s timing and promises.

Cross-References

• Isaiah 49:6: “And he said, It is a light thing that thou shouldest be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel: I will also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, that thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the earth.”
• Luke 2:30: “For mine eyes have seen thy salvation,”
• Luke 2:32: “A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel.”
• Acts 13:47: “For so hath the Lord commanded us, saying, I have set thee to be a light of the Gentiles, that thou shouldest be for salvation unto the ends of the earth.”

Language Study

The phrase “before the face of all people” in the original Greek is “κατὰ πρόσωπον πάντων τῶν λαῶν” (kata prosōpon pantōn tōn laōn). “Κατὰ” (kata) can mean “in the sight of” or “before.” “Πρόσωπον” (prosōpon) commonly means “face” or “presence.” When joined, the phrase signifies something being displayed openly or publicly. “Πάντων τῶν λαῶν” (pantōn tōn laōn) means “of all the peoples,” emphasizing the inclusive nature of the salvation promised.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In a comparative religious context, the idea of a universal savior or enlightener can also be found in other traditions. For example, in Buddhism, the bodhisattva—being who aspires to enlightenment and to help others achieve it—is a somewhat analogous concept. However, the uniqueness of the Christian perspective lies in its identification of Jesus not merely as a moral teacher or enlightened being, but as a divine savior who is an integral part of God’s salvation plan.

Scientific Perspectives

While the verse does not overtly relate to scientific ideas, the notion of a revelation “prepared before the face of all people” could be metaphorically aligned with the way scientific discoveries are often anticipated by different cultures before they become universal knowledge. In this way, the universality of truth—both religious and scientific—is hinted at, even if their methodologies and domains differ fundamentally.

Commentaries

Various biblical commentators have given insights on this verse. Matthew Henry’s commentary emphasizes the joy and peace Simeon experienced upon seeing Christ. The Geneva Study Bible notes the prophecy fulfillment that Christ would be a light to the Gentiles. John Calvin mentions the patience Simeon had in waiting for the Lord’s promise. Most commentaries agree on the significance of Jesus being presented as a revelation for all nations, fulfilling God’s promise of salvation to the world.