What does Luke 3:12 mean?

Then came also publicans to be baptized, and said unto him, Master, what shall we do? Luke 3:12

Explanation

Luke 3:12 describes a moment when tax collectors, also known as publicans, approached John the Baptist for guidance on living a moral life in the context of their baptism. The publicans were known for their oppressive and often dishonest means of collecting taxes, which made them unpopular and frequently regarded as sinners. When they asked John, “Master, what shall we do?”, they were seeking instruction on how to align their lives with the ethical teachings associated with the baptism they were about to receive. This represents a theme of repentance and ethical transformation that is a key feature in the ministry of John the Baptist.

Historical Context

This verse is set in the early first century in the region of Judea under Roman occupation. Tax collectors during this time were Jews working for the Roman authorities, and they were often despised by their fellow Jews both for their collaboration with the occupying regime and for their role in a system that was prone to corruption and abuse. John the Baptist’s ministry occurred during a time of high Messianic expectation, and his call for repentance was seen as preparation for the coming of the Lord.

Theological Insights

From a theological perspective, this encounter illustrates the inclusiveness of John’s ministry. Even those considered to be great sinners are shown to be capable of repentance and redemption. It also demonstrates the practical implications of John’s message of repentance – that true repentance must be followed by actions reflecting a changed heart and mind. This can be compared to the concept of “fruits worthy of repentance” mentioned elsewhere in the Gospels (Matthew 3:8).

Practical Applications

Practically, this verse suggests that regardless of one’s past, there is the potential for moral renewal. It emphasizes that true repentance is reflected in one’s deeds and that seeking ethical guidance is a step toward transformation. For modern readers, it serves as a reminder that ethical instruction and accountability are essential components of spiritual growth and authentic living.

Cross-References

• Matthew 21:31-32: “…the publicans and the harlots go into the kingdom of God before you.”
• Luke 19:8: “And Zacchaeus stood, and said unto the Lord; Behold, Lord, the half of my goods I give to the poor…”
• Matthew 3:8: “Bring forth therefore fruits meet for repentance.”

Language Study

The term “publicans” is translated from the Greek word “telōnai,” which refers to toll or tax collectors. The term “Master” here is translated from “Didaskale,” which is a respectful address for a teacher or instructor. The phrase “what shall we do” implies seeking direction for proper conduct, indicating a desire not just for knowledge but for practical ethical guidance.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

Within the broader cultural and religious landscape of the time, tax collectors would have been familiar with various legalistic approaches to righteous living promoted by Pharisaic Judaism. John’s message, by contrast, emphasized a more personal and ethical transformation, somewhat detached from the ritualistic and nationalistic elements of the dominant religious thought. In comparison to other ancient religions, John’s approach seems less ritualistic and more focused on inner morality and ethical living.

Scientific Perspectives

While the verse itself does not directly pertain to scientific perspectives, modern psychology and behavioral science affirm that seeking guidance and making a commitment to change are significant steps in the process of personal transformation and moral development, thus supporting the behavioral changes suggested by John the Baptist.

Commentaries

Various biblical scholars and theologians offer insights into this verse. Matthew Henry’s commentary notes the significance of tax collectors seeking repentance as evidence of the power of John’s preaching. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary emphasizes the concrete ethical demands of John’s message of repentance. The New International Commentary on the New Testament suggests the importance of the social dimension in John’s call to ethical living, recognizing the impact of these instructions on the community and individual behavior.