What does Revelation 21:20 mean?

The fifth, sardonyx; the sixth, sardius; the seventh, chrysolite; the eighth, beryl; the ninth, a topaz; the tenth, a chrysoprasus; the eleventh, a jacinth; the twelfth, an amethyst. Revelation 21:20

Explanation

Revelation 21:20 presents a portion of the vision from the apostle John, describing the foundation stones of the New Jerusalem’s walls in the new heaven and earth, as revealed at the end of times. Each stone corresponds to one of the twelve tribes of Israel, and each is associated with one of the twelve apostles. The verse lists gems from the fifth to the twelfth, each of varying color and rarity, with significance in their beauty and diversity representing the completeness and perfect nature of the heavenly city. Like the previous four foundation stones mentioned in the earlier verses, these stones also symbolize the glory, purity, and unshakable nature of the eternal dwelling place of God and His people.

Historical Context

Revelation, the last book of the New Testament, is an apocalyptic text traditionally attributed to John the Apostle, written toward the end of the first century A.D. The context of this writing is highly symbolic and reflects the persecution of early Christians under the Roman Empire as well as a forward-looking anticipation of the return of Christ and the establishment of God’s Kingdom. The detailed description of the New Jerusalem and its foundations reflects a literary genre common in Jewish apocalyptic literature where visions and symbolic language were used to convey hope amidst adversity.

Theological Insights

From a theological perspective, different interpretations can emerge:

• Literalist View: Some view the description of the New Jerusalem and its stones literally, anticipating a physical city with these attributes.
• Symbolic Interpretation: Many theologians interpret the jewels metaphorically, signifying various aspects of the divine nature—such as God’s beauty, diversity, and preciousness—or the diverse unity of the Church.
• Eschatological Significance: The passage is often seen as describing the fulfilled kingdom of God, representing the final state of redemption and glorification for believers.

Practical Applications

Practically, believers may find solace and hope in this verse, as it describes a future where God’s people are in a place prepared with care and beauty. It encourages a perspective focused on the eternal rather than the temporary struggles of the current world. The description of these precious stones can remind individuals to value the diversity within the community of faith and work towards building a strong, unified Body of Christ that reflects the splendor of the heavenly city.

Cross-References

• Revelation 21:19 – The foundations of the wall of the city were garnished with all manner of precious stones. The first foundation was jasper; the second, sapphire; the third, a chalcedony; the fourth, an emerald;
• Isaiah 54:11-12 – O thou afflicted, tossed with tempest, and not comforted, behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colors, and lay thy foundations with sapphires.

Language Study

The original Greek language for the stones mentioned provides a rich understanding:

• Sardonyx (σαρδόνυξ): A stone with layers of sard and onyx, signifying strength and protection.
• Sardius (σάρδιον): Likely a red stone, related to quartz, representing blood and sacrifice.
• Chrysolite (χρυσόλιθος): A gold-colored gem possibly signifying the presence and glory of God.
• Beryl (βήρυλλος): A sea-green stone, perhaps illustrating the beauty and depth of God’s creation.
• Topaz (τοπάζιον): A yellow-green stone, could be reflective of majesty.
• Chrysoprasus (χρυσόπρασος): A green stone, emblematic of growth and new life.
• Jacinth (ὑάκινθος): A blue or deep indigo stone, potentially symbolizing the richness and depth of God’s kingdom.
• Amethyst (ἀμέθυστος): A purple or violet stone, traditionally associated with royalty and the majesty of Christ.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In ancient cultures, jewels and precious stones held significant meaning and were often considered to have protective or healing properties. Many of the stones listed in Revelation 21:20 have counterparts in other religious traditions and mythologies, regarded for their beauty and presumed metaphysical qualities. For example, in ancient Egypt, amethyst was believed to protect against drunkenness, while in Greek mythology, it was connected with the god Dionysus. The description of the New Jerusalem’s foundations could be seen as paralleling the grandeur attributed to celestial or divine realms in different cultures.

Scientific Perspectives

Scientifically, the composition and formation of gemstones are studied within geology and mineralogy. Each of these stones has unique characteristics, such as how they are formed and their chemical composition. From a modern understanding, the literal existence of a city with foundation stones comprised of these materials would seem metaphorical, considering the size and rarity of such gems. However, the reflection on the beauty and permanence of these natural elements can be appreciated by both the scientific community and religious adherents.

Commentaries

Various biblical scholars and theologians have offered interpretations of Revelation 21:20:

• Matthew Henry Commentary: Suggests that the foundation stones signify the great value of the church to Christ and the firm foundations upon which it is built.
• John Gill’s Exposition of the Entire Bible: Notes the variety and beauty of the stones representing the diverse glory of the people of God.
• The New International Commentary on the New Testament (NICNT): Views the stones as symbolic of the apostles and their foundational role in the church, with the beauty and variety reflecting the manifold grace of God.