What does Romans 16:16 mean?

Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you. Romans 16:16

Explanation

[Salute one another with an holy kiss. The churches of Christ salute you.] Romans 16:16 is often taken both literally and symbolically. At its surface, it instructs members of the early Christian communities to greet one another warmly, with a “holy kiss,” which was a customary greeting in the cultural context of the time, similar to how a handshake or a hug might be used today. The “holy kiss” symbolizes a sign of fellowship, love, unity, and a holy bond shared within the body of believers, distinguishing it from a romantic or secular gesture. However, more deeply, this verse implies a spirit of community, acceptance, and love that should be evident among the followers of Christ, transcending mere physical gestures.

Historical Context

This apostolic salutation occurs at the close of the Apostle Paul’s letter to the Romans, likely composed around A.D. 57. During that period, the Roman Empire was vast and culturally diverse, and its inhabitants practiced various greeting customs. Christians adopted the practice of the “holy kiss” from Jewish synagogue worship. This kiss, given as a mark of peace and brotherhood, was distinct from other social or sensual kisses of the time. It affirmed equal dignity and unity among believers despite social and ethnic differences.

Theological Insights

Different Christian traditions interpret this directive differently. Some view it as a commandment that should still be literally followed in the church context, resulting in the inclusion of a “holy kiss” or its equivalent in their liturgical practices, such as the “kiss of peace.” Others interpret it more broadly as an exhortation to greet one another with sincere love and warmth, whether or not it takes the form of a physical kiss.

Furthermore, some theologians see this instruction as an expression of eschatological unity and peace that Christ brought through his death and resurrection. The “churches of Christ” mentioned here denote not buildings but congregations, emphasizing the communal and collective identity of believers in different geographical locations.

Practical Applications

In modern application, this verse can prompt believers to foster genuine relationships and a culture of peace within their church communities. The key takeaway is that Christians are to greet one another in a manner that is warm, sincere, and reflective of the love and sanctity of their shared faith. Whether through a handshake, a hug, a smile, or kind words, the spirit of the “holy kiss” is to be maintained.

Cross-References

• 1 Corinthians 16:20: “All the brethren greet you. Greet ye one another with an holy kiss.”
• 2 Corinthians 13:12: “Greet one another with an holy kiss.”
• 1 Thessalonians 5:26: “Greet all the brethren with an holy kiss.”
• 1 Peter 5:14: “Greet ye one another with a kiss of charity. Peace be with you all that are in Christ Jesus. Amen.”

Language Study

The phrase “an holy kiss” comes from the Greek “ἐν φιλήματι ἁγίῳ” (en philemati hagio). The term “φιλήμα” (philema) translates to “kiss,” but it’s more than a physical expression; it conveys a spiritual bond. The adjective “ἁγίῳ” (hagio) translates to “holy,” signifying something set apart, sacred, or consecrated. Therefore, the “holy kiss” is a greeting set apart for the holy community, distinct from common social practices.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In the cultural milieu of the Roman Empire, kisses served several functions, including greetings among friends, family, and allies, as well as acts of reverence and submission to gods or people in power. In contrast to this, the “holy kiss” within Christianity demarked a pure and spiritual connection immune to stratifications of society present in other contexts. This practice had parallels in other religious traditions that promoted brotherly love, unity, and peace.

Scientific Perspectives

While there isn’t a direct scientific perspective on the “holy kiss,” modern psychology and sociology support the idea that physical expressions of affection, like hugs and kisses, strengthen bonds and promote feelings of acceptance and well-being in communities. This aligns with the intent of unity and love behind the holy kiss in the early Christian community.

Commentaries

Commentators throughout history have provided various insights on Romans 16:16. Matthew Henry’s Commentary emphasizes the unity of the Christian church and the mutual regard Christians should show one another, regardless of regional boundaries or congregational distinctions. John Wesley notes that this way of greeting signified “all those expressions of holy love which are usual among sincere Christians.” Modern commentaries stress the cultural adaptation of this greeting and the continuity of Christian love expressed through varied but earnest forms of greeting in the body of Christ.