What does Numbers 32:12 mean?

Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite, and Joshua the son of Nun: for they have wholly followed the LORD. Numbers 32:12

Explanation

Numbers 32:12 refers to Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua the son of Nun, recognizing them as two faithful individuals among the Israelites. The context of this verse is the allocation of land to the tribes of Israel as they prepare to enter the Promised Land. The verse acknowledges that Caleb and Joshua were the only ones from their generation who “wholly followed the LORD.” This implies that they were entirely obedient and loyal to God’s commandments, unlike the rest of the Israelites, who often rebelled or wavered in their faith. The “wholly followed” phrase denotes complete adherence without compromise or turning away.

Historical Context

The Book of Numbers is part of the Pentateuch and describes the journey of the Israelites from Mount Sinai to the plains of Moab, leading up to their entry into Canaan. The narrative takes place toward the end of the Israelites’ 40 years of wandering in the wilderness. This specific episode is set during a time when Moses is taking a census and God is giving instructions regarding the inheritance of the Promised Land. Caleb and Joshua are singled out because they were part of the 12 spies sent to scout the land of Canaan (Numbers 13–14), and while 10 spies discouraged the people from entering the land due to its formidable inhabitants, Caleb and Joshua showed faith and courage, encouraging the Israelites to trust in God’s promise.

Theological Insights

From a theological perspective, this verse is illustrative of God’s appreciation and reward for faith and obedience. In a broader sense, it captures the theme of divine election, where certain figures are chosen for special roles. It also speaks to the belief in the importance of individual responsibility and accountability. Caleb and Joshua’s distinction comes from their personal commitment to God, even when the community around them did not share their conviction.

Practical Applications

Practically speaking, Numbers 32:12 can be applied in daily life by emphasizing the value of steadfastness and fidelity to one’s beliefs and commitments. It challenges individuals to remain faithful and to follow principles with integrity, even when faced with opposition or when others around them choose not to. The passage is a call to demonstrate unwavering confidence in divine guidance and to persist in the right course of action, reflecting moral fortitude.

Cross-References

• Numbers 14:24: “But my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit with him, and hath followed me fully, him will I bring into the land whereinto he went; and his seed shall possess it.”
• Joshua 14:8-9: “Nevertheless my brethren that went up with me made the heart of the people melt: but I wholly followed the LORD my God.”
• Deuteronomy 1:36: “Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh; he shall see it, and to him will I give the land that he hath trodden upon, and to his children, because he hath wholly followed the LORD.”

Language Study

The phrase “wholly followed” is translated from the Hebrew verb “male” (מָלֵא), which means “to fill,” “be full,” or “complete.” This implies that Caleb and Joshua were “full” of faith in the LORD or “completely” followed His commands. The term “LORD” is translated from the Tetragrammaton “YHWH” (יהוה), which is the proper name of God in the Hebrew Bible.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The notion of being singled out for special divine favor due to faithfulness is not unique to the Judeo-Christian tradition. In various cultures and religions, individuals who demonstrate exceptional piety or virtue are often depicted as receiving blessings or performing heroic feats. For instance, in ancient Greek mythology, characters who found favor with certain gods would be endowed with gifts or protected in their endeavors.

Scientific Perspectives

While the verse itself is not directly related to scientific perspectives, modern archaeology and cultural anthropology might provide insights into the historical and societal structures of ancient Near Eastern communities. Such research might shed light on the roles of leaders like Joshua and Caleb within those societies, though the scientific method does not engage directly with theological claims of divine selection or moral exemplariness.

commentaries

Commentaries on Numbers 32:12 generally emphasize the faith and obedience of Caleb and Joshua as compared to the disbelief and rebellion of their peers. Matthew Henry’s Commentary praises Caleb and Joshua for their adherence to God’s will against widespread opposition. The Pulpit Commentary highlights the commendation these two received for being counter-cultural in their complete devotion to God. Lastly, the New International Commentary on the Old Testament discusses the narrative structure of the Pentateuch, showing how this verse serves to separate the experiences of Caleb and Joshua from those of the other Israelites, providing a continuity and linkage to future events like the conquest of Canaan.