What does Numbers 32:3 mean?

Ataroth, and Dibon, and Jazer, and Nimrah, and Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Shebam, and Nebo, and Beon, Numbers 32:3

Explanation

The verse Numbers 32:3 singles out a set of locations that were part of the Transjordan, the land east of the Jordan River, which was captured by the Israelites before entering Canaan. This verse occurs in the context of the tribes of Reuben and Gad requesting Moses to allow them to settle in the fruitful pasturelands of Transjordan, rather than continuing westward into Canaan. The tribes argue that the land is well-suited for their large herds of livestock. Each name mentioned in this verse represents a distinct city or locality within the region that the Reubenites and Gadites found desirable for its agricultural potential.

Historical Context

During the time when this verse was written, the Israelites were concluding their forty years of wandering in the wilderness after their exodus from Egypt, as narrated in the Hebrew Bible. Reuben and Gad were two of the twelve tribes of Israel. The Transjordan region was initially inhabited by various ancient peoples, including the Amorites and Moabites. As the Israelites approached the Promised Land, they requested and fought for the right to settle in various territories, including those named in this verse. These lands were conquered before the crossing of the Jordan River and served as the inheritance for the tribes that preferred pastoral lands for their livestock, primarily the tribes of Gad and Reuben and the half-tribe of Manasseh.

Theological Insights

From a theological perspective, this verse highlights the concept of divine inheritance and the fulfillment of God’s promises to the Israelites. It also touches upon the idea of God providing not just for the spiritual needs of His people but for their material prosperity as well. Some theologians reflect upon the notions of stewardship and the responsibilities that come with the allocation of land, a gift from God. It raises the question of how the tribes balance the collective needs of the nation of Israel with the individual tribal desires and the importance of unity in the face of individual gain.

Practical Applications

In contemporary times, this verse can be an impetus for discussions on resource allocation, stewardship of the land, and the importance of community in decision-making processes. The request of the tribes of Reuben and Gad can serve as a lesson on negotiation and proactive planning based on one’s needs and capabilities when seeking what one believes to be a beneficial arrangement for one’s community.

Cross-References

• Numbers 32:33-38: “And Moses gave unto them, even to the children of Gad, and to the children of Reuben, and unto half the tribe of Manasseh the son of Joseph, the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, and the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, the land, with the cities thereof in the coasts, even the cities of the country round about.”
• Joshua 13:15-23: Description of the land given to the tribe of Reuben including many of the cities listed in Numbers 32:3.
• Joshua 22:4: “And now the LORD your God hath given rest unto your brethren, as he promised them: therefore now return ye, and get you unto your tents, and unto the land of your possession…”

Language Study

In this verse, many of the city names have meanings that reflect aspects of the area or culture. For example:

• “Ataroth” may mean “crowns” or “wreaths”.
• “Dibon” is thought to derive from “dibhân,” meaning “pining” or “wasting away”.
• “Jazer” may derive from a root that means “to help” or “assist”.
• “Nimrah” can mean “pure” or “clean water”.
• “Heshbon” is believed to mean “reasoning” or “device”.
• “Elealeh” can mean “the God of ascent” or “high place”.
• “Shebam” could be a variation of “Sibmah,” referencing a type of fragrant plant or grape.
• “Nebo” refers to a Babylonian deity, but could also mean “prophet”.
• “Beon” might be a variant of “Baal-meon,” with Baal being a title and name considered to stand for a deity or lord.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

These cities, like many other ancient locations, had significance in multiple cultures and religious practices. For example, “Nebo” is also associated with a Mesopotamian god of wisdom and writing. Such cross-cultural connections reflect the interwoven history and mythology of the ancient Near East.

Scientific Perspectives

With archaeological and historical investigations, many of these ancient city names have been connected to real ruins and locations. Modern scientific methods, such as carbon dating and analysis of material culture, assist in better understanding the time period in which these cities were inhabited, as well as the cultures of their occupants.

Commentaries

Various biblical commentaries provide additional context. For instance, the Matthew Henry Commentary emphasizes that the desire of Reuben and Gad to settle in Gilead (of which the mentioned cities were a part) risked dividing the Israelites and setting a precedent that might have led to further splintering. The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges points out the pastoral suitability of the region for livestock, while also noting the risks involved in separating themselves from the main camp. The Pulpit Commentary discusses the strategic importance of these cities being on the border of the Promised Land, serving as a buffer and a first line of defense against hostile neighbors.