What does Psalms 107:10 mean?

Such as sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, being bound in affliction and iron; Psalms 107:10

Explanation

Psalms 107:10 speaks metaphorically of individuals who find themselves in dire circumstances. The phrase “sit in darkness and in the shadow of death” suggests a state of deep despair or trouble, where hope seems lost and one is close to death, either metaphorically or literally. Darkness often symbolizes ignorance, evil, or hardship, whereas the “shadow of death” evokes a sense of imminent peril or mortality. The latter part, “being bound in affliction and iron,” infers a condition of oppression or imprisonment, whether physical, spiritual, or emotional. These individuals are confined, not necessarily by physical chains, which “iron” may symbolize, but also by their struggles (“affliction”). The verse overall conveys the sense of human suffering and the need for deliverance.

Historical Context

Psalm 107 is a hymn of thanksgiving, which falls into a category of communal laments or songs recounting Israel’s history of deliverance by God. It is believed to have been written post-Exile, after the Israelites returned from captivity in Babylon, which is a historical event reflected in the themes of redemption and restoration throughout the psalm. The reference to “sitting in darkness” and being “bound in affliction and iron” could allude to the Israelites’ experience of captivity and their subsequent release, or it might speak to a more general sense of suffering and divine rescue.

Theological Insights

Theologically, Psalms 107:10 can be interpreted from a redemption standpoint. The verse is seen as reflective of the human condition of sinfulness and the quintessential need for salvation. In Christian theology, the darkness could symbolize a life without Christ, while the imagery of being bound could represent the bondage of sin. From a Jewish perspective, the verse might be evocative of God’s continued faithfulness to Israel throughout its history, even during times of waywardness and exile.

Practical Applications

The verse can remind individuals of the hope and redemption available through faith and supplication. It encourages seeking divine intervention in times of distress and acknowledges that everyone faces periods of “darkness” in their lives. The practical takeaway might be to remain steadfast in hope despite adversities and to acknowledge a higher power that can liberate from the metaphorical chains that constrain.

Cross-References

• Isaiah 9:2: “The people that walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shined.”
• Psalm 23:4: “Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me.”
• Luke 1:79: “To give light to them that sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace.”

Language Study

• “Darkness” (Hebrew: “choshek”) can refer not only to physical darkness but also to misery, destruction, death, ignorance, sorrow, and wickedness.
• “Shadow of death” (Hebrew: “tzalmavet”) is a poetic term for intense darkness or the gloom of the grave; it can represent deep despair or a life-threatening situation.
• “Affliction” (Hebrew: “oni”) often pertains to poverty, humility, oppression, or misery.
• “Iron” (Hebrew: “barzel”) literally refers to the metal but is often used metaphorically to signify something hard, strong, or enduring, such as chains or fetters.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The theme of darkness as a symbol of distress or ignorance is common across many cultures and religions. For instance, in Hindu mythology, there are stories of gods and heroes facing periods of darkness or imprisonment before achieving liberation. In Buddhism, ignorance (avidya) is depicted as darkness, and the path to enlightenment is a journey from darkness to light.

Scientific Perspectives

While the verse is metaphysical and spiritual in nature, the concepts of darkness and shadow can be scientifically associated with the absence of light. Psychological studies might parallel the feeling of being in “darkness” or “shadow” with depression or oppression, interpreting the “chains” as mental barriers or limitations. On a neurological level, experiencing literal darkness can affect mood and circadian rhythms, influencing one’s psychological state.

Commentaries

Commentators offer various interpretations of Psalms 107:10. Matthew Henry, a renowned commentator, sees this verse as a depiction of the misery that sinners live in – a darkness that is felt and a shadow that depresses. He encourages the recognition of God’s hand in delivering from such states. The Expositor’s Bible Commentary suggests that the verse reflects an aspect of Israel’s past distress, while also providing a timeless description of human despair. Contemporary works often view this verse as an allegory for spiritual or emotional bondage in need of God’s saving grace.