What does Romans 12:13 mean?

Explanation

Romans 12:13, found in the New Testament, addresses Christians directly and emphasizes the importance of community support and generosity.

"Distributing to the necessity of saints" suggests that believers should actively share their resources with fellow Christians who are in need.

This is more than just a call to charity; it is an expectation that Christians will take care of each other's material needs as an expression of their shared faith.

The second part of the verse, "given to hospitality," expands the scope of care beyond the immediate community to include strangers.

In the first-century Greco-Roman world, where inns were rare and often dangerous, hospitality was a serious need for travelers and a virtuous practice for hosts.

The Christian tradition, with its roots in Jewish customs, considered hospitality a moral duty, strongly tied to the practice of their faith.

Historical Context

Romans 12:13 is a part of a letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Rome, likely composed between A.D. 55-58.

The church at that time consisted of both Jewish and Gentile believers, and there were tensions between these groups.

Paul's Epistle to the Romans addresses issues of theology, the place of Israel in God's plan, as well as practical aspects of Christian living.

The first-century church often faced persecution and many believers were in need, partly because of their social ostracization due to their faith.

Theological Insights

Different theological perspectives may highlight various nuances in Romans 12:13.

From a Protestant standpoint, this verse is seen as an aspect of the Christian life that flows from justification by faith – good works, including hospitality and caring for others, are a natural outgrowth of a transformed life.

A Roman Catholic interpretation might emphasize the verse as reflecting the corporal works of mercy which are a practical application of Jesus's teachings and an integral part of the Christian life.

Reformed theology might focus on this verse to highlight the importance of community and fellowship within the body of Christ.

Practical Applications

Romans 12:13's guidance can significantly impact day-to-day living for Christians.

Sharing with those in need promotes a sense of unity and strengthens the church community.

Practicing hospitality can lead to new friendships, encourage a culture of generosity, and even provide crucial assistance to those who are vulnerable or alone.

In today's context, this may extend to supporting charitable organizations, opening one's home to groups or individuals, or even simple acts like offering meals or financial help to those who are struggling.

Cross-References

• Hebrews 13:2: "Be not forgetful to entertain strangers: for thereby some have entertained angels unawares."
• 1 Peter 4:9: "Use hospitality one to another without grudging."
• Acts 20:35: "I have shewed you all things, how that so labouring ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Jesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give than to receive."

Language Study

Within this verse, two key Greek terms are noteworthy:

• "Koinonia" (κοινωνία) – often translated as "distributing," this word carries connotations of fellowship, sharing, and participation.

It implies a close-knit community where resources are shared.

• "Philoxenia" (φιλοξενία) – translated as "hospitality," it combines "philos" (love, affectionate regard) and "xenos" (stranger).

Thus, it embodies the concept of "love for strangers."

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In examining Romans 12:13 within the broader ancient world, it is evident that hospitality was a cherished virtue not just in Christianity but also in other ancient cultures such as Greek, Roman, and Jewish societies.

In Greek mythology, Zeus is sometimes known as Zeus Xenios, the patron of hospitality and guests, underscoring the divine approval of this virtue.

In Judaism, the practice of hospitality to strangers is anchored in the actions of Abraham, who entertained angels unknowingly (Genesis 18).

Scientific Perspectives

While there are limited direct scientific perspectives on Romans 12:13, the concept of altruism and cooperative behavior is widely studied in the field of evolutionary biology and psychology.

Research suggests that helping others can provide psychological benefits to the giver, including increased happiness and health.

Additionally, the act of sharing resources and community-based living has been observed to contribute positively to the survival and thriving of human societies.

Commentaries

• John Stott, a well-known British pastor and theologian, emphasized that Christian love is practical, and that we should be inventive in our generosity.
• Matthew Henry's Commentary regards this verse as a direction to be charitable according to our abilities, and to show hospitality, which in times of persecution is especially commendable.
• The Expositor's Greek Testament mentions that Paul, in this verse, is laying out concrete examples of love without hypocrisy, with "distributing" and "hospitality" being areas of focus.