What does Matthew 23:5 mean?

Explanation

Matthew 23:5 focuses on the behavior of the scribes and Pharisees, religious leaders in the Jewish community during the time of Jesus.

The verse criticizes their actions as being performed for the sake of public recognition rather than genuine piety.

It highlights two specific practices: the enlarging of their phylacteries and the expansion of the borders of their garments.

Phylacteries, known as "tefillin" in Hebrew, are small leather boxes containing scripture passages, worn by Jewish men during prayer.

The borders of the garments likely refer to the fringes (tzitzit) on the corners of a Jewish prayer shawl (tallit), which are worn in obedience to the commandment in the Torah to remind the wearer of God's commandments.

The verse implies that the leaders were transforming these symbols of devotion into ostentatious displays of their purported righteousness.

Historical Context

This verse is situated within a discourse by Jesus known as the "Seven Woes" (Matthew 23:13-36), where he condemns the hypocrisy of the scribes and Pharisees.

The Gospel of Matthew was written in a Jewish context, where religious leaders were highly respected and held significant social influence.

The expansion of the phylacteries and garment fringes would have been noticeable signs of religious devotion, and could have served to amplify one's social and religious status.

The Gospel of Matthew often draws a contrast between the outward religiosity of the scribes and Pharisees and the inward faith that Jesus promotes.

Theological Insights

Different theological perspectives may interpret this verse in varying ways.

From a traditional Christian viewpoint, the verse might serve as a warning against the dangers of hypocrisy and the importance of sincere faith practice.

In contrast, a critical theological approach might examine the power dynamics and social structures within the religious leadership of the time.

Moreover, some theologians might see this verse as an invitation to explore the nature of true piety and the human tendency toward performative religion.

Practical Applications

In a modern context, this verse can be understood as a cautionary statement against the pursuit of public accolades over the cultivation of personal spirituality.

It serves as an encouragement to examine one's own motivations in religious practices and to seek a genuine connection with the divine that is not contingent on the approval or recognition of others.

It can also be regarded as a call for humility and authenticity in one's expressions of faith.

Cross-References

• Matthew 6:1: "Take heed that ye do not your alms before men, to be seen of them: otherwise ye have no reward of your Father which is in heaven."
• Matthew 6:5: "And when thou prayest, thou shalt not be as the hypocrites are: for they love to pray standing in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen of men.

Verily I say unto you, They have their reward."

• Luke 20:46-47: "Beware of the scribes, which desire to walk in long robes, and love greetings in the markets, and the highest seats in the synagogues, and the chief rooms at feasts; Which devour widows' houses, and for a show make long prayers: the same shall receive greater damnation."

Language Study

The original Greek words of interest in Matthew 23:5 are "phylaktaire" (translated as phylacteries), "platunousin" (meaning "they widen" or "enlarge"), and "kraspeda" (meaning "borders" or "edges").

Phylacteries derive from the Greek term that refers to a safeguard or amulet and indicates the practice of wearing texts from the Torah during prayer.

The term for borders, "kraspeda," has connotations of an ornamental tassel or fringe, consistent with Jewish traditions.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

Comparing the practices mentioned in Matthew 23:5 to other ancient cultures, one might investigate how conspicuous displays of religiosity were common across various societies, often tied to social status or roles.

In comparison to other religious interpretations, some may point out that the critique of religious hypocrites is not unique to Christianity but can also be found in other traditions that emphasize the importance of sincerity in religious observance.

Scientific Perspectives

From a scientific point of view, the human tendency toward social signaling and conspicuous behavior can be explored through the lens of evolutionary psychology, where individuals might engage in certain practices to gain social status or approval from peers.

This could align with the broader theme of the verse criticizing such behavior when it comes to religious practices.

Commentaries

Biblical scholars and theologians offer various insights into Matthew 23:5.

Many agree that Jesus is condemning performative religion and advocating for a more heart-centered approach to spirituality.

Some suggest that the verse showcases Jesus's criticism of legalism and points to the broader theme of social justice in his teachings, criticizing leaders who fail to protect the vulnerable despite making a show of piety.

Others interpret the verse as a historical critique specific to the time and place but also applicable to all times where religious practices may become more about social display than genuine faith.