What does Matthew 5:39 mean?

Explanation

The verse Matthew 5:39, from the King James Version of the Bible, is a part of what is known as the Sermon on the Mount, delivered by Jesus to His disciples.

This particular verse emphasizes non-retaliation: "But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also." Literally, the verse suggests that if someone is physically struck on one cheek, they should offer the other cheek rather than retaliating.

On a deeper level, this teaching is advocating for a radical approach to handling aggression and injustice, recommending patience, and meekness over vengeance.

Historical Context

During the time of Jesus, Judea was under Roman occupation, and the Jewish people were familiar with oppression and violent treatment from authorities. Lex Talionis, the law of retaliation ("an eye for an eye"), was a common principle in Jewish law at the time.

However, Jesus’ teaching here breaks from that norm, suggesting a new ethical standard based on forgiveness and the subversion of the cycle of violence. This message challenged the existing cultural norms by advocating for peace and non-violence.

Theological Insights

Christians have debated the theological significance of this teaching.

Some interpret it as an absolute rejection of violence in any form (pacifism). Others argue that it points to a higher moral ground, urging believers to show love and forgiveness, but not necessarily dismissing the use of force in all circumstances (just war theory).

Theologically, this verse is often understood to reflect Christ's message of unconditional love and the transformative power of non-retaliation, which anticipates his own nonviolent response to the violence he would suffer at the crucifixion.

Practical Applications

Matthew 5:39 has practical implications for daily life, encouraging individuals to respond to offenses or injustices not with reactive aggression but with proactive peacemaking.

This could apply to personal relationships, where offering forgiveness can de-escalate conflict.

It prompts a reflective pause to consider the outcomes of our actions, urging us to choose empathy and understanding over immediate emotional responses.

Cross-References

Some related verses from the King James Version of the Bible include:

• Romans 12:17: "Recompense to no man evil for evil.

Provide things honest in the sight of all men."

• Luke 6:29: "And unto him that smiteth thee on the one cheek offer also the other; and him that taketh away thy cloak forbid not to take thy coat also."
• 1 Peter 3:9: "Not rendering evil for evil, or railing for railing: but contrariwise blessing; knowing that ye are thereunto called, that ye should inherit a blessing."

Language Study

Key words in the original Greek text of this verse include:

• "resist" (ἀντιστῆναι, antistēnai): to set oneself against, to oppose.
• "evil" (τῷ πονηρῷ, tōi ponērōi): the evil one, or evil in general, indicating moral or physical evil and injustice.
• "smite" (ῥαπίζει, rhapizei): to strike or slap with the open hand.

These terms are imperative in grasping the depth of Jesus' intention, which is a call to non-opposition and peace-making rather than literal inaction or passivity.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The teaching of turning the other cheek can be contrasted with other ancient legal codes such as the Code of Hammurabi, where a more retributive form of justice is advocated.

In other religious traditions such as Buddhism, there is also an emphasis on non-violence (ahimsa) and forgiveness, which show parallels to Jesus’ teachings.

Scientific Perspectives

From a modern psychological standpoint, Jesus' advice could be seen as promoting healthier interpersonal dynamics. Research in conflict resolution and psychology supports the notion that non-retaliation can break cycles of violence and lead to more positive outcomes in human relationships.

Commentaries

Biblical scholars and theologians offer various interpretations of Matthew 5:39.

Some, such as John Stott in his book "The Message of the Sermon on the Mount," suggest it teaches against a vengeful spirit and promotes the power of non-retaliatory love.

Martin Luther King Jr. referenced this verse in his philosophy of nonviolent resistance during the Civil Rights Movement.

Others, like biblical scholar Walter Wink, in his book "Engaging the Powers," interpret the act of turning the other cheek as an assertive but non-violent way of confronting the aggressor, thus symbolizing an equal stance rather than acceptance of humiliation.