What does Romans 11:28 mean?

Explanation

Romans 11:28 discusses the complex relationship between Israel (referring to the Jewish people) and Gentile Christians.

The apostle Paul, who is the author of Romans, is dealing with the tension that has arisen because many Jews have not accepted Jesus Christ as the Messiah.

In the first part of the verse, he acknowledges that the Jewish people are "enemies" concerning the Gospel because they largely reject the Christian message.

However, in the same breath, he insists that they are "beloved for the fathers' sakes" referring to the patriarchs of Israel (such as Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob) with whom God made covenants.

The term "election" speaks of God's divine choice or promise to these patriarchs that he would have a special relationship with their descendants.

Historical Context

During the time when Paul wrote the letter to the Romans (middle of the first century A.D.), there was significant tension between Jews who followed traditional Judaism and those who had become Christians.

Many early Christians were Jews by birth, and the question of how the new faith related to their Jewish heritage was a matter of great importance. Romans 11 is part of a larger discussion (chapters 9-11) where Paul is addressing the status of Israel in God's saving plan after the coming of Christ.

Theological Insights

This verse presents a handful of theological points.

First, it touches upon the idea of God’s enduring faithfulness to the covenants established with the patriarchs of Israel.

Second, despite their general unbelief, Paul still views the Jews as part of the divine plan and recipients of God's promise.

Third, the notion of "enemy" here does not suggest an absolute or eternal enmity but rather a present condition in relation to the reception of the Gospel.

Lastly, the term “election” might be considered in the broader theological discussions about predestination, indicating God’s sovereignty and purpose.

Practical Applications

The teaching in Romans 11:28 can be applied in several practical ways.

It encourages believers to maintain a balance between acknowledging the rejection of the Gospel by some while also recognizing the ongoing value and worth of that group as part of God's overarching plan.

This verse also suggests the importance of understanding and respecting one’s religious heritage and the faithfulness of God towards His promises.

Additionally, it serves as a reminder to avoid harsh judgment and to have hope for the eventual restoration of those who are currently in disbelief.

Cross-References

• Romans 9:4-5: "Who are Israelites; to whom pertaineth the adoption, and the glory, and the covenants, and the giving of the law, and the service of God, and the promises; Whose are the fathers, and of whom as concerning the flesh Christ came, who is over all, God blessed for ever.

Amen."

• Romans 11:5: "Even so then at this present time also there is a remnant according to the election of grace."
• Romans 11:25-27: To understand the broader context of God's plan for Israel.
• Ephesians 2:12-13: On the previous state of the Gentiles and their reconciliation through Christ.

Language Study

Key words in the original Greek are:

• "Enemies" (echthroi): Denotes opposition, in this context, in terms of belief and acceptance of the gospel.
• "For your sakes" (di' hymas): Implies that their status as 'enemies' serves a divine purpose for the benefit of Gentile believers.
• "Beloved" (agapetoi): Indicating a state of being loved, often with divine or unconditional love.
• "For the fathers' sakes" (dià toùs patéràs): Suggesting that their beloved status is due to the relationship and promises God made with their ancestors.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In the broader ancient world, ideas of people being chosen by the gods were common. For example, in ancient Egyptian religion, Pharaohs were often considered chosen by the gods to rule.

In ancient Israel's context, being chosen involved a covenant relationship with Yahweh, which included blessings and responsibilities. Compared to other ancient religions, Judaism's concept of election was unique in the sense that it was bound up with a specific history and lineage.

Scientific Perspectives

Scientific perspectives may not directly apply to this verse as it deals primarily with theological and spiritual claims.

However, one could consider the cognitive science of religion and its explanations for why beliefs in election and divine favor persist across cultures and through history. These offer insights into human psychology rather than the truth claims of religious texts.

Commentaries

Various Biblical scholars and theologians offer differing perspectives on Romans 11:28:

• John Stott sees this verse as emphasizing the "mystery of divine election." He suggests that while Israel is 'enemy' concerning the Gospel, they are still beloved, and this dynamic is part of the unsearchable wisdom of God.
• F.F.

Bruce focuses on the historical continuity of God's purposes for Israel, pointing out that their current disbelief does not negate the promises made to their ancestors.

• Douglas Moo comments on the paradox of the status of Israel as both enemy and beloved, highlighting that their rejection of Christ serves to open the way for Gentile salvation, yet they remain the people of God's promise.