What does Matthew 22:21 mean?

Explanation

The verse in question, Matthew 22:21, captures Jesus's response to a trap set by the Pharisees and Herodians.

They asked him whether it was lawful for Jews to pay taxes to Caesar, the Roman emperor.

His reply is a profound principle that outlines the dichotomy between civic duty and spiritual obligation.

On the surface, Jesus acknowledges the legitimacy of paying taxes to the ruling government, as indicated by Caesar's image on the coin.

However, the deeper meaning suggests a broader principle of fulfilling one's obligations to the earthly authorities while maintaining a higher allegiance to divine authority.

Historical Context

During the time when Jesus lived, Judea was a province under Roman rule.

The Roman Empire required tax payments from its subjects, which was a point of persistent tension and resentment among the Jewish population.

Herodians were supportive of Herod Antipas, who was a client king under Roman authority, and they typically supported paying taxes to Rome.

In contrast, the Pharisees emphasized strict adherence to the Torah and were opposed to Roman rule. These two groups, normally at odds with each other, came together to challenge Jesus, hoping to incite either the Roman authorities or the Jewish populace against him.

Theological Insights

From a theological viewpoint, Matthew 22:21 has been interpreted in multiple ways.

Some see it as a clear directive to respect governmental laws and obligations, affirming the legitimacy of Christian participation in secular society.

Others focus on the subtext, suggesting that while Jesus acknowledges the need to obey earthly rulers, he emphasizes that true and ultimate allegiance belongs to God.

This verse has also been a basis for discussions on the separation of church and state, indicating distinct spheres of responsibility.

Practical Applications

In practical terms, this verse is often cited in discussions of Christian involvement in political life and civic duties.

It suggests a balance between being a responsible citizen, which includes things like paying taxes and abiding by laws, and living a life of faith, with the understanding that one's ultimate commitment is to God.

This balance encourages conscientious participation in society, while not allowing secular obligations to overshadow spiritual ones.

Cross-References

• Romans 13:1 - "Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers.

For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God."

• Mark 12:17 - "And Jesus answering said unto them, Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's.

And they marvelled at him."

• 1 Peter 2:17 - "Honour all men.

Love the brotherhood.

Fear God.

Honour the king."

Language Study

In the original Greek text, the phrase "Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's" uses the verb "ἀπόδοτε" (apodote), which means "give back, return." The instruction is not just to give, but to give back what is owed or what rightfully belongs to someone.

"Caesar's" (Καίσαρος - Kaisaros) is a direct reference to the Roman emperor, but it also represents the government or state. And the phrase "and unto God the things that are God's" involves the same verb, ἀπόδοτε, pointing to an obligation that is not just civic but also spiritual.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The idea of rendering to the state what belongs to it and to the divine what belongs to the divine has parallels in other religious and philosophical traditions.

For instance, in ancient Rome itself, there was a distinction between the religious sphere and the civic duties of citizenship.

In other ancient cultures, such as those in Greece, there was a recognition of obligations both to the polis (city state) and to the gods.

Scientific Perspectives

While this verse does not directly engage with scientific perspectives, it presents a principle that can intersect with discussions on ethics and the relationship between science and religion.

For example, questions arise about the ethical use of technology and scientific developments, whether researchers owe their allegiance to state and funding bodies, or whether they also have a higher ethical or moral responsibility to consider the broader implications of their work.

Commentaries

Various biblical scholars and theologians have offered interpretations of Matthew 22:21.

Conservative commentaries may stress the importance of obedience to government as an institution established by God.

Liberal scholars might focus more on the latter part of Jesus’s reply, pointing out that while Jesus does not deny the secular duties, he prioritizes the ultimate authority of God.

This verse has been a significant reference point in discussions about the role of Christians in political activism, the legitimacy of government, and the concept of civil disobedience when secular laws conflict with divine principles.