What does John 21:17 mean?

Explanation

John 21:17 is widely interpreted as part of a conversation between the resurrected Jesus and Simon Peter, where Jesus asks Peter three times if he loves Him, mirroring Peter's earlier threefold denial of Jesus.

Each time Peter affirms his love, Jesus responds with a command: "Feed my lambs," "Tend my sheep," and "Feed my sheep," progressively indicating a restoration of Peter and entrusting him with the responsibility to look after the early Christian community.

The repetition highlights the depth of forgiveness, the importance of a love rooted in commitment, and the concept of pastoral care within the Christian faith.

Historical Context

This verse takes place after the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ, during an appearance to his disciples by the Sea of Tiberias (Sea of Galilee).

At this time, the early Christian community was in its formative stages and was dealing with the realities of Jesus' absence in the flesh.

The dialogue can be seen as an act of reconciliation and reinstatement of Peter, who had denied knowing Jesus before the crucifixion.

Theological Insights

Different theological perspectives offer varied insights on this verse.

From a traditional Christian standpoint, the text illustrates themes of redemption, forgiveness, and the idea of apostolic succession, with Peter seen as the rock upon which the Church is built.

From a Catholic view, it might reflect the establishment of papal authority. Protestant theologians might focus on the direct relationship between forgiveness and service.

In all, the verse reflects on the Christian responsibility to care for others, prompted by genuine love for Christ.

Practical Applications

The teachings of this verse can be practically applied in various ways.

They suggest that followers of Christ should be willing to persevere through failures and seek reconciliation.

It also implies an active role in fostering and nurturing communities, caring for the well-being of others, especially those who are vulnerable.

The exhortation to "feed my sheep" can extend to spiritual nourishment, guiding, teaching, and comforting others.

Cross-References

• John 21:15-16 (prior verses where Jesus asks Peter if he loves Him, with similar responses and commands)
• Luke 22:31-34 (Jesus predicts Peter's denial)
• Matthew 26:33-35 (Peter declares he will not deny Jesus)
• John 10:11-15 (Jesus describes Himself as the good shepherd who lays down his life for his sheep)
• 1 Peter 5:2 (Peter himself later exhorts the elders to "feed the flock of God")

Language Study

In the original Greek text, different words for love are used: "agape" (unconditional, sacrificial love) and "phileo" (brotherly love or affection).

In the question Jesus asks, "agape" is used in the first two instances and "phileo" in the last; each time Peter responds with "phileo".

This nuance might indicate the growth in Peter's understanding of the love Jesus is asking for.

The word for "feed" is "bosko", which can imply provision and care, while "tend" or "shepherd" is "poimaino", emphasizing guiding and guarding.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The motif of a threefold questioning to reverse a threefold denial or mistake bears resemblance to certain themes in other cultural and religious narratives, where repetition symbolizes completion or restoration.

In several ancient myths, three is a significant number often symbolizing divine action or intervention.

The notion of a spiritual leader as a shepherd is common in many religious traditions, signifying guidance and protection.

Scientific Perspectives

While John 21:17 does not directly intersect with scientific concepts, the idea of forgiveness and reconciliation might find parallels in psychological studies on the benefits of these acts on mental and emotional health.

Furthermore, the pastoral care indicated by Jesus aligns with modern concepts of community support and social work, relevant in humanitarian and sociological fields.

commentaries

Expert commentaries on this verse might include perspectives from biblical scholars like William Barclay, who sees the threefold declaration of love as a way for Peter to overcome his past denials.

Scholars like D.A. Carson focus on the significance of the terms used for love and the shepherd imagery, tying it to leadership in the church. Others might emphasize the personal nature of the exchange, suggesting that each follower of Christ is called to a unique response to His love.