What does John 21:19 mean?

Explanation

This verse, John 21:19, is a part of a conversation between Jesus and the Apostle Peter after Jesus' resurrection and before His ascension into heaven.

In this passage, Jesus is foretelling the manner of Peter's future death, which would be martyrdom, suggesting that Peter would die by crucifixion as Jesus did.

The phrase "signifying by what death he should glorify God" suggests that Peter's death would serve a higher purpose by bringing glory to God, showing faithfulness even unto death.

When Jesus says, "Follow me," He is calling Peter to continue in His footsteps, to live a life of discipleship and ultimately be prepared for the sacrifice that lies ahead.

It is a call to unwavering commitment and to embrace the cost of discipleship, a theme that resonates throughout the Gospels.

Historical Context

The Gospel of John is believed to have been written between 90 and 100 AD, and John 21 is thought by many scholars to be an epilogue added to the earlier text.

The early Christian community was facing persecution, and martyrdom was not uncommon.

In this context, the foretelling of Peter's death served as a testament to the reality of the costs of following Christ.

Tradition holds that Peter was crucified in Rome under the reign of Emperor Nero, and his martyrdom would have been well known to the early Christian readers of John's Gospel.

Theological Insights

From a theological perspective, this verse can be examined from various viewpoints:

Catholic Tradition sees this as confirmation of Peter's role as the leader among the apostles and the first Pope. His martyrdom is seen as a witness to his faith and thus a source of inspiration for followers of Christ.

Protestant theology might focus on the personal call to each believer to follow Christ, even unto death.

It is less about institutional leadership and more about personal discipleship.

Eastern Orthodoxy would acknowledge the martyrdom of Saint Peter as a testimony to the truth of Christ's teachings and the ultimate sacrifice in the imitation of Christ.

Practical Applications

In practical terms, this verse can remind contemporary Christians of the need to be prepared for sacrifice in their own lives.

While few are called to martyrdom in the literal sense, many are called to make sacrifices for their faith, whether it be in terms of time, resources, or laying down personal aspirations in pursuit of spiritual goals.

It is a call to be ready to bear witness to their beliefs in the face of opposition or persecution.

Cross-References

• Matthew 16:24 - "Then said Jesus unto his disciples, If any man will come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me."
• 2 Timothy 4:6-8 - "For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand.

I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course, I have kept the faith:"

• 1 Peter 4:16 - "Yet if any man suffer as a Christian, let him not be ashamed; but let him glorify God on this behalf."

Language Study

The original Greek text offers nuanced meanings to the verse:

• "Signifying" (σημαίνων, sēmainōn) implies giving a sign or an indication, implying a symbolic rather than a direct or literal meaning.
• "By what death" includes the Greek term "θάνατον" (thanaton) which simply refers to death, but in this context may carry connotations of martyrdom or sacrificial death.
• "Glorify" (δοξάσει, doxasei) is associated with honor and worship, suggesting that Peter's death would bring honor to God and that it should be understood as a testimony to faith.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

In the broader cultural and religious context, martyrdom is a concept found in multiple traditions.

In Islam, the concept of martyrdom (Shahada) is considered a noble death for the faith.

Similarly, in some strands of Hinduism and Buddhism, the idea of sacrificing one's life for a righteous cause or in the pursuit of spiritual principles is esteemed.

Scientific Perspectives

From a scientific perspective, martyrdom does not have a direct relevance.

However, social sciences such as psychology and sociology may explore the phenomenon of martyrdom and its impacts on group dynamics, belief reinforcement, and the spread of religious movements.

Commentaries

Biblical scholars and theologians offer diverse perspectives on John 21:19:

• **Raymond E.

Brown**, a well-known Biblical scholar, suggests that this verse highlights the transition from the earthly Jesus to the church, signifying the path that the leaders of the church must be willing to take.

• William Barclay notes the courage and transformation in Peter from a man who once denied Jesus to one who would eventually give his life for the Gospel.
• **Craig S.

Keener**, in his commentary, emphasizes the historical practice of martyrdom in the early Christian community and how such a passage would have served to strengthen believers facing persecution.