What does Matthew 19:3 mean?

Explanation

Matthew 19:3 features the Pharisees, a Jewish sect known for their strict adherence to the Law of Moses and traditions, attempting to test Jesus (referred to here as Him) with a question about the legality of divorce "for every cause." The motive behind their question is stated as "tempting him," indicating that their intent is not genuine inquiry but rather to challenge Jesus and potentially trap Him in His response.

They are referring to the Mosaic law regarding divorce, which permitted a man to write a certificate of divorce to his wife under certain circumstances.

The phrase "for every cause" reflects a rabbinical debate of the time between more conservative and more liberal interpretations of what justified a divorce.

Historical Context

In first-century Jewish culture, the issue of divorce was highly contentious.

There were diverse views among the Jewish rabbis about what were acceptable grounds for divorce.

The School of Shammai held a strict view, permitting divorce only on the grounds of sexual immorality, while the School of Hillel allowed for divorce for a wide range of reasons, even as trivial as the wife burning the husband's food.

By questioning Jesus on this topic, the Pharisees hoped to either align Him with one of the schools, thus creating controversy, or to catch Him contradicting the Law of Moses, potentially discrediting Him in the eyes of the public.

Theological Insights

Different denominations interpret this verse through various theological lenses.

For traditional Catholics, this verse highlights the indissolubility of marriage, as later verses in the passage have Jesus speaking against divorce except in cases of sexual immorality.

Protestant interpretations may focus on the idea that marriage is sacred but recognize divorce as permissible under certain conditions.

This verse shows Jesus being confronted with a question of law but redirects the discussion to a deeper understanding of marriage and human relationships.

Practical Applications

The practical applications of this verse can be complex, given the sensitive and multifaceted nature of marriage and divorce.

It can prompt individuals and religious communities to reflect on the sanctity and seriousness of marital vows.

It can also encourage a more compassionate and understanding approach to the topic of divorce, recognizing its complexity and that the legalistic view alone may not encompass all ethical considerations.

Cross-References

• Matthew 5:31-32: "It hath been said, Whosoever shall put away his wife, let him give her a writing of divorcement: But I say unto you, That whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery: and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced committeth adultery."
• Mark 10:2-12: Similar account of the Pharisees questioning Jesus about divorce.
• Deuteronomy 24:1-4: The law given to Moses about the practice of divorce.

Language Study

The key phrase within this verse is "for every cause" (Greek: κατὰ πᾶσαν αἰτίαν, kata pasan aitian), suggesting any reason or cause.

The word αἰτίαν (aitian) implies an accusation or charge, reflecting the debate over what constituted a valid reason for divorce. The mention of "put away" refers to the act of divorcing, which in Greek is ἀπολῦσαι (apolusai), meaning to release or send away.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The Jewish understanding of divorce in this time contrasts with some other ancient cultures that might have had more relaxed views on divorce and marriage.

For example, in ancient Rome, divorce was relatively easy and common compared to Jewish culture where the process was more regulated by religious law.

Religiously, this verse reflects the Jewish focus on interpreting and applying the Law of Moses, with Christian interpretations later emphasizing the heart and spirit of the law over legalistic adherence.

Scientific Perspectives

While there are no direct scientific perspectives on this verse, modern psychology and social science have extensively studied the impacts of divorce on individuals and society.

This research can inform how the legal and ethical aspects of divorce addressed in this verse are understood today, particularly the effects on children and the importance of stable, healthy family structures.

Commentaries

Commentators offer diverse insights regarding Matthew 19:3.

Many agree that the Pharisees' intention was to entrap Jesus, while others emphasize the evolving interpretation of Mosaic law over time.

William Barclay notes the different rabbinical schools' positions of the time.

Craig S.

Keener in his "IVP Bible Background Commentary: New Testament" discusses the cultural and social contexts of the question.

John Calvin's commentary nods to the spiritual intent of the law versus the Pharisees' legalistic interpretation.

Matthew Henry's commentary suggests that Christ's response elevates the conversation from legalistic debate to moral principle.