What does Matthew 21:20 mean?

Explanation

Matthew 21:20 describes the reaction of Jesus' disciples to the sudden withering of a fig tree. Shortly before this verse, Jesus had cursed the tree because it bore no fruit, even though it was not the season for figs.

However, the deeper meaning often interpreted from this verse and the preceding event includes lessons about faith, the importance of bearing spiritual fruit, and the power of Jesus' words.

This act can also be seen as a metaphor for Israel's spiritual state at the time – having the appearance of godliness but lacking true faith and productivity in God's eyes.

The marveling of the disciples indicates their surprise not only at the immediacy of the fig tree's withering but also, symbolically, at the potential consequences of unfruitfulness and the power of Jesus's teachings and actions.

Historical Context

The event takes place in the last week of Jesus' earthly ministry, known as Passion Week.

During this period, Jesus often taught through parables and direct actions, illustrating his points in ways that would resonate with his audience.

In the culture of the time, fig trees were a common source of sustenance, and their fruitfulness was associated with prosperity and blessing.

Therefore, the cursing of the fig tree had strong cultural and religious implications, symbolizing judgment upon those who were spiritually barren.

Theological Insights

From a theological perspective, the verse highlights several points.

In the Christian tradition, the story is often seen as a demonstration of the power of faith (Jesus later speaks to the disciples about the power of faith to move mountains) and the importance of living a life that bears spiritual fruit (reflecting the character and teachings of Jesus).

There are divergent theological viewpoints about this event.

Some interpret it as a literal historical display of Jesus' supernatural power, while others understand it as an allegorical or symbolic act with a moral message. The former emphasizes the authority and divinity of Jesus, while the latter focuses on the didactic message of the narrative.

Practical Applications

The withering of the fig tree can remind modern readers of the need for authenticity in their spiritual lives.

It is a call to self-examination to ensure that one’s outward religious appearance is matched by inward spiritual vitality.

It also serves as an encouragement to trust in the power of prayer and to have faith in God's ability to intervene in difficult situations, as evidenced by Jesus' subsequent teachings to his disciples in the verses that follow.

Cross-References

• Matthew 21:19 - "And when he saw a fig tree in the way, he came to it, and found nothing thereon, but leaves only, and said unto it, Let no fruit grow on thee henceforward for ever.

And presently the fig tree withered away."

• Mark 11:20-21 - "And in the morning, as they passed by, they saw the fig tree dried up from the roots.

And Peter calling to remembrance saith unto him, Master, behold, the fig tree which thou cursedst is withered away."

• Matthew 7:19 - "Every tree that bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire."
• James 2:17 - "Even so faith, if it hath not works, is dead, being alone."

Language Study

The key words in Matthew 21:20 in their original language (Greek) provide additional insight:

• "marvelled" (Greek: ethaumasan) - This term expresses amazement or wonder, often in response to a miraculous event.
• "withered away" (Greek: exeranthe) - This term is the aorist passive form of xērainō, which means to dry up, wither, or waste away.

Its use here denotes the sudden and complete withering of the tree.

Cultural and Religious Comparisons

The cursing of the fig tree and its immediate withering resemble acts of power found in other ancient mythologies, where gods would curse or bless individuals, cities, or elements of nature, resulting in immediate and tangible effects.

However, in the biblical narrative, the symbolism behind such an act is more significant than the display of power, it communicates a moral and spiritual message tied to the religious teachings of the time.

Scientific Perspectives

From a scientific perspective, the sudden withering of a tree without an apparent natural cause is implausible as trees do not typically undergo such rapid change.

It is often seen within the religious context as a supernatural event rather than a natural phenomenon. As such, it is generally interpreted as a miracle, an event that defies natural explanation.

Commentaries

Commentaries on this verse vary, but many agree on its symbolic nature and broader implications for understanding Christian faith.

• Traditional commentaries often emphasize Jesus' disappointment with the fig tree's lack of fruit as analogous to God's disappointment with a fruitless faith.
• Modern scholars may suggest that the event was a planned teaching moment meant to solidify in the disciples' minds the importance of faith and the consequences of hypocrisy.
• Some commentators examine the literary structure of the Gospel of Matthew, noting that the incident with the fig tree frames Jesus' actions in the temple, reinforcing themes of judgment and religious authenticity.